Protocol

The rules governing how a browser and a server exchange requests and responses — HTTP and its successors.

In practice

Serve everything over HTTPS and redirect the other versions once, in a single hop.

HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 change what optimisation means: request bundling matters less, latency matters more.

Why it matters

Mixed protocols create duplicate URLs that split signals between four addresses for the same page.

Protocol version sets the ceiling on how well parallel loading can perform.

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