In practice
They usually come from conflicting rules: one forcing a trailing slash, another removing it; one forcing HTTPS, another forcing a locale.
Reproduce with a header trace rather than a browser, which hides the loop behind a generic error.
Why it matters
A loop is a total outage for that URL — for visitors and for crawlers alike.
Because it often affects only one segment or one locale, it can run for weeks before anyone reports it.
Related terms